The eNotes Blog Does AP stand for Absolutely Pointless

Does AP represent Absolutely Pointless My 12-year-old child started his first semester in middle school this year. In July, we all guardians were gathered together for a three-hour data workshop. We visited every one of the Pre-AP educators rooms,  a aggregate of seven diverse potential course contributions. In each meeting, the message was the equivalent: you enlisted your child in ALL Pre-AP classes if your youngster isnt a total sham. Pre-AP, it was (now and then not) persistently clarified, was important for your youngster with the goal that the person could take AP courses in secondary school, and afterward be qualified to skirt starting courses in school. The point, clearly, was to set aside us a little cash and to (it was suggested) feel somewhat prevalent about our posterity. Similar instructors who educate Pre-AP classes likewise show ordinary courses. In spite of the fact that our data course should reveal to us the distinction between the two sorts of classes, practically none  of the educators even referenced the ordinary classes. The Pre-AP was pushed so hard it caused a parent to feel like conceding your child was as on par mentally with the Honey Boo tribe for essentially getting some information about the distinctions. As the night rambled endlessly, I started to ponder: Whatever happened to encouraging understudies at the genuine level they are at, mentally, inwardly, and socially? I pondered as well, as a school educator myself, if AP is pushed so vigorously, how can it be that I discover my rookies so caught off guard for the rigors of a school course? This week, the Atlanticâ published an article by John Tierney, a resigned educator and secondary school AP instructor. Like me, Tierney pondered something very similar. So why this immense drive into AP?  Probably the main motivation is that the College Board, which sets the guidelines and distributes the AP educational plan, procures over portion of its income from AP courses. Which may be good with everybody if secondary schools really were turning out improved and propelled students. Be that as it may, in Tierneys experience, and my own, they are not doing any such thing. Tierney researched the numerous explanations behind the disappointments of the AP projects, and some disarray about their guarantees. For example,â while AP courses in secondary school may let a school first year recruit quit a starting course, they frequently don't get real school acknowledge for AP classes true to form. What's more, when they do get the chance to skirt an introduction class, numerous understudies find that their AP classes in secondary school don't remotely look like the difficulties of a genuine school class, and many wish they HAD taken the normal basic school course. Another substantial contention is Tierneys resistance to open enlistment for  AP classes.  This was the situation in my children new school. There was no legitimacy base.  No one was solicited to join in light of the fact that from high scores in primary school or an educators suggestion. What we were fundamentally told is that Pre-AP was do or die. Tierney contends that, 66% of the understudies taking my class every year didn't have a place there. What's more, they hauled down the course for the understudies who did. Also, what of the children who neglect to swim? Its really dreary, as indicated by Tierney. He says that those classes get perpetually full as the years wear on and a few children simply cant hack it, yet they are not given the most grounded instructors. Those educators, obviously, are saved for the AP program. A great deal of these non-swimmers are minorities, who will presently confront much more hindrances to advanced education. At long last, and fortifying what I have just found in my own home, the push to cover so much material so quick prompts inflexible stultification a sort of careless genuflection to a recommended arrangement of study that crushes innovativeness and free request. No big surprise when I took my Freshmen out on a bright day and we as a whole never really read Thoreau so anyone can hear to each other, they all looked paralyzed then they gradually started to unwind, grin, and appreciate the joys of learning. Unfortunately, secondary teachers can't bring their understudies down intriguing ways of learning. After all theres a test coming up.

Analyze Fitzgeralds Presentation of the Valley of Ashes.

Examine Fitzgerald’s introduction of the Valley of Ashes toward the beginning of part 2. Somewhere between West Egg and New York lies the ‘valley of ashes’ and this is the ‘desolate’ no man's land, which is likewise home to the Wilson family. The term ‘desolate’ is utilized to portray a spot that is depressingly vacant and singular. Fitzgerald incorporates this ‘fantastic farm’ to accentuate to the perusers, the sharp difference among extravagance and wellbeing with destitution and battle. The valley serves to speak to the harm that the privileged characters, for example, Daisy and Tom can dispense on society.Through the Wilson family, we get the feeling this is where the casualties of the American Dream dwell and is home to the individuals who have almost no to anticipate later on and have next to no going on in their lives. In contrast to New York, this desolate site needs excess and the reiteration of the shading ‘gr ey’ which like dark, can be utilized to imply an absence of life, just as misfortune or despondency serves to help us to remember the void Fitzgerald is attempting to depict †even the men who work there are ‘ash-grey’.The Valley is a result of free enterprise as it is made by mechanical waste and can be viewed as the dumping ground for any semblance of well off people. The well off live in affectation where their homes are intelligent of goldâ but down the ‘motor-road’ we can discover the valley of their corruptive riches. It is the direct inverse of life in the West Egg and in New York. Moved designation just as representation is utilized while depicting the development of the vehicles. It is said that even the vehicles ‘crawl’ and by and by, this worries to the perusers the vacancy in the valley.Up until this point, Fitzgerald utilizes vehicles as an image of influence and alongside influence keeps an eye on co me riches. For all the well off characters in the novel, for example, Gatsby and the Buchanan, a vehicle joins the sumptuous ways of life they lead, however on the off chance that you contrast this with the Wilsons, they fix vehicles just so as to get by. It’s as though to those that live in New York, it’s only a decent time however for those in the valley of remains, this is the thing that they call life. It is clear that everything here is cheapened and mounts to nothing in New York.In the valley of Ashes, we additionally have the eyes of Doctor T. J . Eckleburg that sees everything. Despite the fact that it is only a board, It could be contended that through these ‘yellow spectacles’ are the eyes of God just as the eyes of Nick. He is our storyteller who is inside and without the novel. We see the portrayal through his eyes yet thusly, Fitzgerald can retain data from the perusers as we can just observe what Nick decides to uncover in his account as he makes a decision ab out every other person from his own perspective.The eyes additionally serve to speak to the unforgiving truth of the ‘American Dream’ and exactly how bogus it very well may be. Apparently, anybody can become wildly successful in America in the event that they buckle down for it, much the same as the Wilsons, yet the fact of the matter isn't everybody can be as affluent as Gatsby and the Buchanan’s and the possibility that everybody can live that American dream is only a fantasy. Despite the fact that it has demonstrated riches for a few, similar to the cinders, the Wilsons trust in this riches are not alive.

The Powers of the Symbols in Lord of the Flies - 929 Words

Lord of the Flies is a novel that is all about symbols that have different powers which is used on the boys. Two of the symbols which are the conch and the sow’s head contain powers that are opposite of each other and they have a great affect on the boys. Lord of the Flies would be a different story without symbols. The conch has the powers that lead to civilization and order. It represents the authority that the boys will need to get rescued from the island. The sow’s head on the other hand represents the evil powers to lead the boys to total chaos and savagery which is created by Jack. Jack has used one of the sow’s head’s symbolism which is the beast to control his group. The conch has a power that is used for order and civilization,†¦show more content†¦Do you. See?†(Golding. 159). Golding shows how Simon is different compared to the rest of the boys. He showed how Simon was civilized and has never done anything savage since the boys landed on the island until Simon was killed. He has also shown how evil has beaten good when Jack’s group killed Piggy and destroyed the conch as well. â€Å"See? See? That’s what you’ll get! I meant that! There isn’t a tribe for you any more! The conch is gone† (Golding. 200). Lord of the Flies is a book about symbols that have powers. One of the symbols which was one of the most important symbols in the book, was that the conch which the boys used. The conch’s role in the book was to lead the boys to civilization to get rescued from the island. Another symbol which is the sow’s head was also one of the important symbols in the book was the opposite of the conch. It wanted the boys to stay savage, and thus making the whole island a savage place. Without symbols, Lord of the Flies would be a different story (Literary analysis: Symbolism in Lord of the Flies, by William Golding). In conclusion, Savagery has beat civilization which was very disappointing, since the conch has been destroyed; civilization has been destroyed as well. The conch symbolized civilization and order which was destroyed since savagery has killed two boys that represented civilization and destroyed the symbol that had the power of civilization. Works Cited Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. GreatShow MoreRelatedUse of Symbols in Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pages Symbols and characters play major roles in representing power in works of literature. Therefore, an author uses these ‘symbols of power’ to control the characters and the overall course of the work. In Lord of the Flies symbols are both used by the characters and stand on their own. Fire on the island is a dual blade and Lord of the Flies impedes on progression. While these two symbols stand on their own, the characters use and are used by them. 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In William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies, an array of young school boys find themselves stranded on an island as a result of a plane crash during World War Two. With no adults, rules, and nothing holding them back, they are lef t to fend for themselves. In the beginning, the boys electRead MorePerception of Symbols in The Lord of the Flies by William Golding863 Words   |  4 PagesPerception of Symbols In the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding, the British boys are deserted on an island and get in touch with many features that form symbols of different concepts. Using symbolism through the pig’s head, Piggy’s glasses, the rock, and the beast, William Golding exemplifies that human beings, when set free from communal regulations and prohibitions, enable their natural volume for immorality to control their existence. Arguably one of the most significant and apparent

My Advocacy Goal With Children s Administration - 923 Words

I believe a highly trained, educated and experienced workforce is an essential component in providing social services to the community, families and meeting the needs of children to ensure child safety. My advocacy goal with Children’s Administration (CA) employees in the Bellingham office is to ensure CA staff are treated with respect and dignity during an internal investigation as to an employee’s alleged misconduct and to minimize the impact on office morale and workload during the disciplinary process. I believe this is a social policy given the work conducted within the CA office is to provide all families with dignity and respect . I believe these same beliefs should be demonstrated to CA employees during disciplinary action or personnel investigations. Revised Code of Washington (RCW) 42.52 and RCW 9A.80.010 is the authorizing legislation for Washington Department of Social and Health Services Administrative Policy N. 18.64. . The purpose of this policy is to establish standards and guidelines for ethical conduct which applies to all Department of Social and Health Services (DSHS) employees. The policy outlines expectations in terms of interaction with DSHS staff which is to include respect and concern. In addition, this policy addresses the work environment by stating the work place should be free from interference and individual work performance. Evidence Social Work/Social Service Policy. The impact these practices have in terms of the Social Worker’sShow MoreRelatedEssay The Iron Triangle and Heclos Policy of Issue Networks980 Words   |  4 PagesHeclo’s policy of issue networks is a new way of dealing with the connection between politics and its administration. Previously, the Iron Triangle was the way that the connection was dealt with. The Iron Triangle concept described the major players as congress, career bureaucrats and large interest groups. 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Leading Free Essays

Identify how the management works on the contemporary Issues In leadership Developing trust Build up a good trust is very important in Catchy Pacific and its departments. It can make every leader like a model or standard to their employees, so leader must be honesty, ability, good Judgment or willingness to share ideas with every employee; it can keep a good relationship between employers and employees. So, a good leader can show the positive Image and able to Inspire other employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Leading or any similar topic only for you Order Now Catchy Pacific Is able to take responsibility to the social (charitable and donation or sustainable development) and able to build up a good trust to its passenger (provide well services, no delete) and employees (benefits and profits). Empowering employees Employee empowerment Is a strategy and philosophy that employees can make decisions about their Jobs. It helps employees own their work and take responsibility for their results. Top Manager in Catchy Pacific are giving their authority or empowerment to the front-line managers such as customer service manager and subordinates employees such as flight attendant to make decisions of some unimportant things, such as Andre customers’ complain with solve the problem or give some discount to the loyalty customer etc. The benefits of empowering employees can quicker responses to problems and solving the problems; and faster decision as subordinates employees do not need to report to their upper manager, it can be save more time and effectiveness and increased spans of control to address other problems, such as how to enhance the company profits. Cross-cultural leadership Cross-cultural leadership is deferent nationalities leader has different leadership performance to managing their employees. Catchy Pacific Airlines Is an International alertness company. It was 22, 200 different nationalities employees In the world (until August 2014) that would be a multiple cultural background in the company. The top manager level since the chairman of John Solar is an American; the CEO of Ivan Chug is a Chinese. For example, southerner American leading a group of from the northern American would be exercising cross-cultural leadership because of regional differences In However, a Korean leader managing a group of Korean employees in Seoul and a group of Korean employees in Bangkok may not be engaging in cross-cultural leadership because the leader and the led are separated by physical space and not y cognitive space. Gender differences and leadership There are male/female differences in managing positions in leadership. How to cite Leading, Papers

Attention Deficit Disorder Essay Example For Students

Attention Deficit Disorder Essay Attention Deficit DisorderFive year old Danny is in kindergarten. It is playtime and he hops from chair to chair, swinging his arms and legs restlessly, and then begins to fiddle with the light switches, turning the lights on and off again to everyones annoyanceall the while talking nonstop. When his teacher encourages him to join a group of other children busy in the playroom, Danny interrupts a game that was already in progress and takes over, causing the other children to complain of his bossiness and drift away to other activities. Even when Danny has the toys to himself, he fidgets aimlessly with them and seems unable to entertain himself quietly. To many, this may seem like a problem; and it is. Danny most likely suffers from what is called Attention Deficit Disorder. Recent controversy has erupted as to whether Attention Deficit Disorder in fact deserves the title of disorder. Some people, like Thomas Armstrong, a psychologist and educator, believe Attention Deficit Disorder is merely a myth; a dumping ground for a heterogeneous group of kids who are hyperactive or inattentive for a number of reasons including underlying anxiety, depression, and stresses in their families, schools , and in our culture. (Armstrong 15) However, he and those who question the validity of Attention Deficit Disorder are mistaken. Attention Deficit Disorder is in fact a disorder because it is recognized as such in the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition), it is treatable through prescription medication and therapy and if left untreated inhibits one from functioning properly in society. Before delving into the ways in which Attention Deficit Disorder matches the criteria established for what a disorder is, it is important to first understand the disorder and have some background information on it. The symptoms of Attention Deficit Disorders (ADD for short) exist on a continuum. Everybody has some of these symptoms some of the time. However, individuals with ADD have more of these symptoms more of the time and to the point that it interferes with their ability to function normally in academics, work and social settings, and to reach their potential. People with ADD are often noted for their inconsistencies. One day they can do it, and the next they cannot. They can have difficulty remembering simple things yet have steel trap memories for complex issues. To avoid disappointment, frustration, and discouragement, do not expect their highest level of competence to be the standard. It is an unrealistic expectation of a person with ADD. What is normal is that they will be inconsistent. Typically, they have problems with following through on instructions, paying attention appropriately to what they need to attend to, seem not to listen, be disorganized, have poor handwriting, miss details, have trouble starting tasks or with tasks that require planning or long-term effort, appear to be easily distracted, or forgetful. In addition, some people with ADD can be fidgety, verbally impulsive, unable to wait their turn, and act on impulse regardless of consequences. However, it is important to remember not all people with ADD have all of these difficulties, nor all of the time. Due to the fact that society has traditionally thought of a person with ADD as being hyper, many children who have ADD with no hyperactivity are not being identified or treated. Individuals with ADD without hyperactivity are sometimes thought of as day-dreamers or absent-minded professors. The non-hyperactive children with ADD most often seem to be girls (though girls can have ADD with hyperactivity, and boys can have ADD without hyperactivity). Additionally, because of the ability of an individual with ADD to over-focus, or hyper-focus on something that is of great interest or highly stimulating, many untrained observers assume that this ability to concentrate negates the possibility of ADD being a concern, especially when they see children able to pay attention while working one-on-one with someone, doing something they enjoy, or who can sit and play an electronic game or watch TV for hours on end. ADD is not a learning disability. Although ADD obviously affects the performance of a person in a school setting, it will also affect other domains of life, which can include relationships with others, running a home, keeping track of finances, and organizing, planning, and managing most areas of ones life. ADD is considered to be a neurobiological disorder. The most recent research shows that the symptoms of ADD are caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain. To understand how this disorder interferes with ones ability to focus, sustain attention, and with memory formation and retrieval, it is important to understand how the brain communicates information. Each brain cell has one axon, the part of the cell that sends messages to other cells; and many dendrites, the part that receives messages from other cells. There is a space between the axon and the next brain cell called a neural gap. Since these nerve endings do not actually touch, special chemicals called neurotransmitters carry (transmit) the message from the end of the axon to the dendrites that will receive it. With ADD there is a flaw in the way the brain manages the neurotransmitter production, storage or flow, causing imbalances. There is either not enough of them, or the levels are not regulated, swinging wildly from high to low. When diagnosing ADD, a thorough evaluation is very important. In order for an individual to be diagnosed with ADD, comprehensive evaluations must be administered that include a complete individual and family history, ability tests, achievement tests, and the collection of observations from people who are close to the person who is being assessed. It is also extremely important to have an assessment that is individualized and designed to uncover co-existing conditions, such as learning disabilities and behavior, mood or anxiety disorders (depression, generalized anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, etc. ), or any other problem that could be causing symptoms that look similar to the symptoms of ADD. A thorough evaluation includes gathering information from a variety of sources. A thorough review of the persons medical, academic and family history is essential. In the case of a child this is done through a detailed, structured interview with the parents. Economic Development Of Hawaii Essay Most doctors feel the potential side effects should be carefully weighed against the benefits before prescribing the drugs. While on these medications, some children may lose weight, have less appetite, and temporarily grow more slowly. Others may have problems falling asleep. Other doctors say if they carefully watch the childs height, weight, and overall development, the benefits of medication far outweigh the potential side effects. Side effects that do occur can often be handled by reducing the dosage. However, doctors recommend that patients be taken off a medication now and then to see if it is still necessary. They recommend temporarily stopping the drug during school breaks and vacations, when focused attention and calm behavior are usually not as crucial; this precaution is referred to as a drug holiday. Drug therapy is a highly effective means of treating disorders, including ADD. They are by far the most widely used biomedical treatments. (Myers 507b) When introduced in the 1950s, drug therapy greatly reduced the need for psychosurgery or hospitalization. Thanks to drug therapy the resident population of state and county mental hospitals in the United States today is but 20 percent of what it was 40 years ago. (Myers 508a) For those not comfortable with drug therapy there are other means of treating ADD, such as behavior therapy. This is especially effective for children. For example, children with ADD need structure and routine. They should be helped to make schedules and break assignments down into small tasks to be performed one at a time. It may be necessary to ask them repeatedly what they have just done, how they might have acted differently, and why others react as they do. Especially when young, these children often respond well to strict application of clear and consistent rules. In school, they may be helped by close monitoring, quiet study areas, short study periods broken by activity (including permission to leave the classroom occasionally), and brief directions often repeated. They can be taught how to use flashcards, outlines, and underlining. Timed tests should be avoided as much as possible. Other children in the classroom may show more tolerance if the problem is explained to them in terms they can understand. When combined, drug and behavior therapies can be highly effective when treating Attention Deficit Disorder. Like many disorders, ADD is disruptive and if left untreated inhibits the proper functioning in society and of ones daily activities. Family conflict is one of the most troublesome consequences of ADD. Especially when the symptoms have not yet been recognized and the diagnosis made, parents blame themselves, one another, and the child. As they become angrier and impose more punishment, the child becomes more defiant and alienated, and the parents still less willing to accept his excuses or believe his promises. The home of an ADD child is frequently stressful and filled with conflict. The problems in the home vary based on the severity of symptoms, the make-up of the family and the personalities of family members. Take Johnny, for instance. A routine chore like getting dressed can become a battle as the parent first gently prompts Johnny to get dressed and stop playing with his toys, then nags and often, out of frustration, begins to yell. This scenario occurs almost every morning despite any repeated attempts by the parent to improve things. A family dinner with an ADD child, rather than being a pleasant family gathering, becomes a dreaded hour. The child is bouncing around and knocks his plate on the floor. He constantly interrupts conversations and may erupt in a temper tantrum over a remark by a sibling. Daily life with an undiagnosed ADD child can cause a parent to question their parenting skills and ability to nurture a child. It can also stress the relationship between husband and wife especially if there is a disagreement about discipline methods or perception of the childs behavior. Siblings rivalry is magnified. If a child is extremely disruptive, the family may become isolated and certain members may withdraw from the family unit. School may also become of a place of chaos for an undiagnosed ADD child. ADD children often appear to be lazy or under-achievers. Their work is often incomplete, sloppy or lost. The paper may be done but directions were not followed. The child is often unprepared for class he cannot find his pencil or worksheet or textbook. He may stare at the paper because they do not know how to start the assignment, and his performance is inconsistent. Yet the ADD child is not dumb in fact many have above average intelligence. Unbeknownst to most, Albert Einstein, Walt Disney, Winston Churchill, Henry Ford, and John F. Kennedy were all diagnosed with ADD. Children are not the only ones who may suffer if left undiagnosed; adults also struggle with this problem. Most adults with ADD were not diagnosed until they were adults. Throughout their lives, they have suffered a great deal of pain. Many have had to develop coping mechanisms to help them survive. Over time, the constant pressure brought on by their new ways to cope with problems can bring about stress. As a result, some adults become overwhelmed, depressed, anxious, and lose confidence. As is evident, Attention Deficit Disorder clearly meets all the criteria for the definition of a disorder including the fact that it is recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (Fourth Edition), it is treatable through prescription medication and behavioral therapy and if left untreated inhibits one from functioning in society properly. At this time there is no cure for ADD, but much more is now known about effectively coping with and managing this persistent and troubling developmental disorder. Hopefully, the day is not far off when genetic testing for ADD may become available and more specialized medications may be designed to counter the specific genetic deficits of those who suffer from it. Psychology

The Ecological Validity Essay Example

The Ecological Validity Paper Pennington and Hastie believed that jurors’ will construct a story to make sense of evidence and then return the verdict that has the ‘best fit’ with their story. P and H investigated whether the order of testimony had an effect on the jurors’ decisions. The sample used in this study consisted of 130 students from the University of Chicago.  The two story-telling strategies investigated in this study are; story order and witness order. Story order is when the Lawyers present evidence in the sequence that events occurred, and witness order is when lawyers present witnesses in the sequence they believe is most likely to persuade the jury (may not be the sequence in which the events occurred, also the benefits of primacy and recency effects are taken into account. Primacy effect is when for example out of a list of 10 words you are most likely to remember the first word; whereas the recency effect claims you are most likely to remember the last word. The study was a laboratory experiment, using independent groups design, with ps acting as jurors in a mock trial. The IV was the order of testimony and the DV was the verdict given. In individual cubicles ps listened to a tape recording of the stimulus trial and then responded to written questions. They were told to reach either a guilty or not guilty verdict on a murder charge. Ps were allocated to one of four conditions. In each condition, the same evidence was presented by the defence and prosecution, only the order of presentation changed (witness or story order). We will write a custom essay sample on The Ecological Validity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Ecological Validity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Ecological Validity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Results of the study showed that the prosecution were most likely to win (78% of guilty verdict) when they used story order and defence used witness order. Similarly, the defence were most likely to win when they used story order and the prosecution used witness order (only 31% guilty verdict).  Pennington and Hastie concluded that order of testimony does affect juror’s decisions. In particular, jurors are more easily persuaded by ‘story order’ than ‘witness order’. P and H also suggested that the reason why 80% of criminal court cases return guilty verdicts in the US is because prosecution lawyers tend to use story order and defence lawyers tend to use witness order. Lawyers use a variety of different techniques in order to persuade a jury, into convincing their client’s innocence. Various studies have been conducted into investigating the best techniques for persuading a jury, but the main issue with many of these studies is that they l ack ecological validity. The most common method used in studies investigating persuading a jury, is a laboratory experiment in the form of a mock trial. Mock trials are often used because, people outside of the jury are not allowed into the jury room due to confidentiality of the legal process. One of the main issues with the use of mock trials is that participants often make an individual decision concerning the verdict of the trial, and are sometimes even asked to give a rating of their belief of the defendant’s guilt. For example in Edwards and Bryan, both of these issues occur, each individual participant gives a verdict as well as a number of ratings concerning their beliefs about the defendant’s guilt or innocence and their views about an appropriate sentence. As in a real court case the jury is only asked to give a verdict of guilty of innocent, which is made in a group decision, the study lacks ecological validity. Another problem with using mock trials is that there is a lack of consequence, meaning the result/verdict given by the participants has no effect on the trial, as in Pennington and Hastie’s study on the effect of order of testimony on jurors’ decisions. Due to the lack of pressure of wrongfully committing someone of a crime/vice versa as well as the lack of emotional stress associated with serving on a jury in a court room. The study is said to lack ecological validity as it cannot be applied to the real world. Mock trials often present the evidence in various ways, for instance in Pennington and Hastie’s study, the evidence is presented to the participants in individual cubicles, where they listen to a tape recording of the stimulus trial. Another form in which evidence is presented is in Cutler, ps are shown a videotaped robbery trial and in Edwards and Bryan, ps are given a transcript of an actual murder trial in California. Although in Edwards and Bran the transcript is taken from an actual case, the study is still lacking in ecological validity as it is a very different way of gathering data on the trial through a transcript or videotape than it being presented by a lawyer in court. Often small unrepresentative samples are used due to the use of opportunity sampling. For example in Edwards and Bryan 74 university students are used, as they are all students, the sample is unrepresentative of a typical jury and therefore lowing the ecological validity of the study.  Another way in which persuading a jury, can be investigated is via â€Å"shadow jury†, this is an alternative to mock trials, and consists of a group of participants who â€Å"shadow† i.e. sit in on a case/trial and at the end come to a verdict themselves, and seeing if their opinions are conclusive with the juror’s. Although there are certain advantages to this method such as an improved ecological validity as the participants receive the same amount of evidence as a real jury, presented in a real manner. However the study still lacks ecological validity due to the lack of consequences, i.e. no pressure of wrongfully committing an innocent person and vice versa.  Overall research into persuading a jury is often very lacking in ecological validity due to the laboratory method often used in the form of a mock trial. As these studies have a very low ecological validity, the studies lack applicability to the real world and have low validity in results.